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A core aspect of software engineering is the subdivision of the development process into a series of phases, or steps, each of which focuses on one aspect of the development.…

Normalization should be part of the database design process. However, it is difficult to separate the normalization process from the ER modelling process so the two techniques should be used…

A functional dependency (FD) is a relationship between two attributes, typically between the PK and other non-key attributes within a table. For any relation R, attribute Y is functionally dependent on…

One important theory developed for the entity relational (ER) model involves the notion of functional dependency (FD).  The aim of studying this is to improve your understanding of relationships among…

Constraints are a very important feature in a relational model. In fact, the relational model supports the well-defined theory of constraints on attributes or tables. Constraints are useful because they…

The entity relationship (ER) data model has existed for over 35 years. It is well suited to data modelling for use with databases because it is fairly abstract and is easy to…

The relational data model was introduced by C. F. Codd in 1970. Currently, it is the most widely used data model. The relational model has provided the basis for: Research on…

Data modelling is the first step in the process of database design. This step is sometimes considered to be a high-level and abstract design phase, also referred to as conceptual design.…

Database management systems can be classified based on several criteria, such as the data model, user numbers and database distribution, all described below. Classification Based on Data Model The most popular…

High-level Conceptual Data Models High-level conceptual data models provide concepts for presenting data in ways that are close to the way people perceive data. A typical example is the entity…